Christianity and Indigenisation in Africa



Abstract Views
3519

Downloads
2349

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Jul 1, 2021
Published Aug 8, 2021
10.24018/theology.2021.1.4.33

Abstract viewed = 3519 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

In a quest for greater coherence between parochial identities, culture and Christianity, there exists an African consciousness which seeks to indigenise and decolonise Christianity. Africans are profoundly religious people who view their faith as part of their way of life, as strengthening their cultures and providing a moral compass for daily living. In efforts to transform society, the Christian religion has played a significant role in the path to African development. Christianity in Africa dates to the very inception of the church. Africans consequently played a crucial role in establishing the doctrines and theology of the early church. While African Traditional religion (ATR) is paramount, it is the purpose of this article to suggest that the Christian faith has and continuous to play a significant role on the African continent in its development. While there are many indigenous African beliefs, these have been to a large extent supported by Christianity in a quest to systematize novel knowledge and promote peace and tolerance across the continent. Many Africans have sought facets of Christianity that are similar to their religious and personal practices and continue to do so. Thus, while there exist numerous similarities and also differences between Christianity and ATR, it is imperative to preserve old-style regional distinctiveness and Christianity as the unifying rudiments in nation building endeavours and in efforts to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ. Africans can and should come to comprehend the Triune Godhead as being consistent with their own spiritual consciousness and existential veracities. Indigenization of Christianity requires enculturation and essentially an understanding that it is indeed ecumenical and also embraces diversity and fundamentally requires viewing Holy Scriptures and the truths they propound as being applicable to any context and cultural milieu across the ages. Christians after all espouse a faith in the Ekklesia or body of Christ for all its people who are the Laos of God.

Keywords: Africa, Christianity, indigenisation, socio-cultural development, traditional faith

References

  1. TGC -The Gospel Coalition. (2019). The History of Christianity in Africa//Africa Study Bible, [Available online at https://africa.thegospelcoalition.org/article/history-christianity-africa/].
     Google Scholar
  2. R. Shaw, C. Stewart. Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism, The Politics of Religious Synthesis, Edition 1st Edition, London: Routledge, 1994.
     Google Scholar
  3. Kollman, P. “Classifying African Christianities: Past, Present, and Future: Part One.” Journal of Religion in Africa, 40(1), 3–32, 2010. www.jstor.org/stable/20696840.
     Google Scholar
  4. Opoku, K.A. (1993). ‘African Traditional Religion: An enduring heritage’, in J.K. Olupona & S.S. Nyang (eds.), Religious plurality in Africa: Essays in honour of John S. Mbiti, n.p., Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
     Google Scholar
  5. Canaris, MM. (2018) The rapid growth of Christianity in Africa, Catholic Star Herald. December 13, [Available online at https://catholicstarherald.org/the-rapid-growth-of-christianity-in-africa/].
     Google Scholar
  6. Mbiti, JS. African Religions and Philosophy, Praeger Publishers: New York, 1969.
     Google Scholar
  7. Nche, GC, Okwuosa, LN, Nwaoga, TC. Revisiting the concept of inculturation in a modern Africa: A reflection on salient issues. HTS Theological Studies, 72(1), 2016 [Available Online at https://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i1.3015].
     Google Scholar
  8. Meinardus, O.F.A. (2002). Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
     Google Scholar
  9. Neff, D. (2008/9). Out of Africa. Christianity Today (28 February).
     Google Scholar
  10. Available from: http://www. christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/
     Google Scholar
  11. februaryweb-only/109-52.0.html. [Accessed 11/05/2015].
     Google Scholar
  12. Ross, E. “Impact of Christianity in Africa.” Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 298, 161-169, 1955
     Google Scholar
  13. Barret, DB. “AD 2000:350 million Christians in Africa.” International Review of Mission, 59(233), 39-54, 1970.
     Google Scholar
  14. Stark, S. The Rise of Christianity, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1996.
     Google Scholar
  15. Oliver, W.H. & Madise, M.J.S. (2014). The formation of Christian theology in Alexandria, Verbum et Ecclesia, 35(1), 1-13.
     Google Scholar
  16. Burton, KA. The Blessing of Africa the Bible and African Christianity, InterVarsity Press: Downers Grove, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  17. Groves, CP. The Planting of Christianity in Africa, Lutterworth Press: London, 1948.
     Google Scholar
  18. Pearson, BA. “Christians and Jews in first-century Alexandria.” Harvard Theological Review, 79(1-3), 206-216, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000020472.
     Google Scholar
  19. Fogarty, ME. “Egyptian Christianity: An historical examination of the belief systems prevalent in Alexandria C.100 BCE - 400 CE.” Dissertation, Department of Ancient Near Eastern Studies, University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
     Google Scholar
  20. Oden, TC. “How Africa shaped the Christian mind.” Inter-Varsity Press: Downers Grove, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  21. Foley, LOFM. "St. Cyprian", Saint of the Day, revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M., Franciscan Media, 2009.
     Google Scholar
  22. Daniel, R. “This Holy Seed: Faith, Hope and Love in the Early Churches of North Africa.” Chester: Tamarisk Publications, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  23. Tierney, B. “Foundations of the conciliar theory: the contribution of the medieval canonists from Gratian to the Great Schism” (New ed.). Leiden: Brill, 1998.
     Google Scholar
  24. Walker, GSM. “The Churchmanship of St. Cyprian.” Richmond: John Knox Press, 1969.
     Google Scholar
  25. Salinas, O. “The Psychological Roots of St. Augustine's Theories of Good and Evil.” Biography, 15(4), (Fall 1992), pp. 348-370.
     Google Scholar
  26. Bonner, G. “St. Augustine of Hippo. Life and Controversies.” Norwich: The Canterbury Press, 1986.
     Google Scholar
  27. O'Connell, RJ. “St. Augustine's Early Theory of Man.” Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 155-183, 1968.
     Google Scholar
  28. Lewis, C.S. (2010). The Problem of Pain HarperCollins:New York, pp. 24–25.
     Google Scholar
  29. Durant, W. “Caesar and Christ”. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.
     Google Scholar
  30. Chapman, J. "Doctors of the Church". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.
     Google Scholar
  31. Anatolios, K. “Athanasius: The Coherence of His Thought.” New York: Routledge, 1998.
     Google Scholar
  32. Wilken, RL. "A Learned Faith: Origen of Alexandria". The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 55–64, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  33. Audi, R. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
     Google Scholar
  34. Moore, E. (2005). Origen of Alexandria and St. Maximus the Confessor: An Analysis and Critical Evaluation of their Eschatological Doctrines. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers.
     Google Scholar
  35. Finn, R. "Origen and his ascetic legacy". Origen and his ascetic legacy, in: Asceticism in the Graeco-Roman World, Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–130, 2009. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511609879.005.
     Google Scholar
  36. McGuckin, JA. The Westminster Handbook to Origen. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
     Google Scholar
  37. Hilliard, CB. Intellectual Traditions of Pre-colonial Africa. McGraw-Hill College; 1st edition (September 1, 1997), 1998.
     Google Scholar
  38. Ames, C. "Roman Religion in the Vision of Tertullian." In A Companion to Roman Religion. Edited by Jörg Rüpke, 457–471, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  39. Versluis, A. Magic and Mysticism: An Introduction to Western Esoteric Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  40. Ekonomou, AJ. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  41. Osborn, EF. Tertullian, First Theologian of the West. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
     Google Scholar
  42. Gonzáles, JL. "The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation". The Story of Christianity. 1. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 91–93, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  43. Cornwell, H, Cornwell, J. Saints, Signs, and Symbols (3rd ed.). Harrisburg: Morehouse Publishing, 2009.
     Google Scholar
  44. White, C. Early Christian lives: life of Antony by Athanasius, life of Paul of Thebes by Jerome, life of Hilarion by Jerome, life of Malchus by Jerome, life of Martin of Tours by Sulpicius Severus, life of Benedict by Gregory the Great, (trans.), London: Penguin Books, 1998.
     Google Scholar
  45. Nthamburi, Z. Toward Indigenization of Christianity in Africa: A Missiological Task. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 13(3), 112–118, 1989. [Available online at https://doi.org/10.1177/239693938901300304].
     Google Scholar
  46. Anatolios, K. Retrieving Nicaea: The Development and Meaning of Trinitarian Doctrine, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2011.
     Google Scholar
  47. Baur, J. 2000 years of Christianity in Africa. Nairobi: Pauline Publications Africa, 1994.
     Google Scholar
  48. Frend, WHC. The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa. Reprint, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.
     Google Scholar
  49. Brisson, JP. Autonomisme et christianisme dans l'Afrique romaine. Paris, 1958.
     Google Scholar
  50. Isichei, E. A history of Christianity in Africa: from antiquity to the present. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995.
     Google Scholar
  51. Speel, C. The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam. Church History, 29(4), 379-397, 1960. doi:10.2307/3161925
     Google Scholar
  52. Hanciles, J.J. (2019). The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV: The Twentieth Century: Traditions in a Global Context- Print publication date: 2019 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2019 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199684045.001.0001
     Google Scholar
  53. Wilhite, DE. Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition, Routledge, 1st edition, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  54. Shillington, K. History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995a.
     Google Scholar
  55. Ravenstein, EG. Bartolomeu Dias. William Brooks Greenlee, Pero Vaz de Caminha. England: Viartis, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  56. Crowley, R. Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire (First ed.). New York: Random House, 2015.
     Google Scholar
  57. Nicolaides, A. Early Portuguese imperialism: Using the Jesuits in the Mutapa Empire of Zimbabwe, International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 2(4), 132-137, 2011.
     Google Scholar
  58. Smith, AK. “The Indian Ocean zone”, in D. Birmingham and P. M. Martin (eds.) History of Central Africa, Vol. 1, Longman: London, pp. 205-244, 1983.
     Google Scholar
  59. Shillington, K. West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. Macmillan International Higher Education, January 1995b.
     Google Scholar
  60. Luis Froes,161 Froes, L.G. (1561). India, 15 December 1561, (DPMAC), VIII, Lisbon, 1972, pp. 37- 43.
     Google Scholar
  61. Sanneh, L. West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. Orbis Books: New York, 2015.
     Google Scholar
  62. Masondo, S. “Ironies of Christian Presence in Southern Africa.” Journal for the Study of Religion, 31(2), 2018.
     Google Scholar
  63. Keefer, KHB. “The First Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society in Sierra Leone, 1804–1816: A Biographical Approach.” History in Africa, 44, 1-37, 2017. DOI: 10.1017/hia.2017.5
     Google Scholar
  64. BBC World Service. (n.d.). The Story of Africa- Christianity: 19th Century White Missionaries [Online at https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/8chapter4.shtml]
     Google Scholar
  65. Onyinah, O. “African Christianity in the twenty-first century.” World & World, 27(3), 305-314, 2007
     Google Scholar
  66. Koukousas, V. The Representation of the Patriarchate of Alexandria at Ferrara-Florence and the Fight against Proselytization in the Provinces from the 15th to 18th century: Investigation on the Basis of the Sources, Ekklesiastikos Pharos, 94, 260–289, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  67. Hayes, S. “Orthodox mission in tropical Africa.” Missionalia, 24(3), 383–398, 1996.
     Google Scholar
  68. Gray, R. Black Christians and white missionaries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
     Google Scholar
  69. Shillington, K. (1995a). History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press.
     Google Scholar
  70. Kohnert, D. “Magic and witchcraft: Implications for Democratization and poverty-alleviating aid in Africa.” World Development, 24(8), Elsevier: Amsterdam, pp. 1347-1355, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00045-9
     Google Scholar
  71. Mujere, J. “African intermediaries: African evangelists, the Dutch Reformed Church, and the Evangelisation of the southern Shona in the late 19th century.” Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 39(2), 133-148, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  72. Urch, GE. “Education and colonialism in Kenya.” History of Education Quarterly, 11(3), 249-264.
     Google Scholar
  73. Balcomb, AO. “Evangelicalism in Africa. What it is and what it does.” Missionalia, 44(2), 117-128 2016. https://dx.doi.org/10.7832/44-2-142.
     Google Scholar
  74. Woodberry, RD, Shah, TS. “The pioneering Protestants.” Journal of Democracy, 15, 47-61, 2004.
     Google Scholar
  75. Zurlo, G.A. (2020). African Christianity, Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, [Available online at https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk].
     Google Scholar
  76. Van der Merwe, D. “From Christianising Africa to Africanising Christianity: Some hermeneutical principles.” Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 2(2), 559-587, 2016. https://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2016.v2n2.a25.
     Google Scholar
  77. Derrick Mashau, T. “Ministering effectively in the context of Pentecostalism in Africa: A reformed missional reflection.” In die Skriflig, 47(1), 10-17, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  78. Asamoah-Gyadu, JK. “Hearing in your own tongues the wonderful works of God: Pentecost, ecumenism and renewal in African Christianity.” Missionalia, 35(3), 128-145, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  79. Phiri, I, Maxwell, J. “Africa's rapid embrace of prosperity Pentecostalism provokes concern and hope.” Christianity Today, July, 51(7), 2007.
     Google Scholar
  80. Mbefo, LN. Towards a mature African Christianity, SNAAP Press Ltd, 1989.
     Google Scholar
  81. Mkandawire, AC. (2009). David Livingstone’s medical dimension in Malawi and how it is connected to his vision 150 years after his death. The Society of Malawi Journal 62(1), 62-65.
     Google Scholar
  82. Yong, A. Mission after Pentecost: The Witness of the Spirit from Genesis to Revelation, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  83. Mbiti, JS. Introduction to African religion, Heinemann: London, 1975.
     Google Scholar
  84. Baëta, CG. (Ed.). Christianity in Tropical Africa, London: Oxford University Press, for the International African Institute, 1968.
     Google Scholar
  85. Ranger, TO, Weller, J. (Eds.) Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa, Heinemann Educational Books: London, 1975.
     Google Scholar
  86. Magesa, L. (2002). African religion: The moral traditions of abundant life, Orbis Books, Maryknoll.
     Google Scholar
  87. Sihvola J. Aristotle on the Individuality of Self. In: Remes P., Sihvola J. (eds) Ancient Philosophy of the Self. The New Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Philosophy, vol 64. Springer: Dordrecht, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8596-3_6.
     Google Scholar
  88. Wernhart, KR. “Ethnische religionen [Ethnic religions]”, in J. Figl (ed.), Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentrale Themen, Tyrolia-Verlag: Innsbruck, 2003.
     Google Scholar
  89. Rakotsoane, F. Transcendence in African Traditional Religions. Paper presented at the 16th Conference of the South African Science and Religion Forum (SASRF) of the Research Institute for Theology and Religion, University of South Africa, Pretoria, 2–3 September 2010. [Available online: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/4282?].
     Google Scholar
  90. Carmody, DL. The oldest God: Archaic religion yesterday & today, Abingdon: Nashville, 1981.
     Google Scholar
  91. Marwick, M. (Ed.) Witchcraft and Sorcery. Selected Readings, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 264-279, 1975.
     Google Scholar
  92. Kingsley, M. West African Studies. London: MacMillan, 1901.
     Google Scholar
  93. Mesaki, S. “The Evolution and Essence of Witchcraft in Pre-Colonial African Societies.” Transafrican Journal of History, 24: 162–177, 1995.
     Google Scholar
  94. Gechiko-Nyabwari, BG, Nkonge-Kagema, D. “The Impact of Magic and Witchcraft in the Social, Economic, Political and Spiritual Life of African Communities.” International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 1(5), 9–18, 2014.
     Google Scholar
  95. Mair, L. Anthropology and Social Change. London: Athlone Press, 1969.
     Google Scholar
  96. Mazrui, AA. “Religion and Political Culture in Africa.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 53(4), 817–839, 1985.
     Google Scholar
  97. Magesa, L. African religion: The moral traditions of abundant life, Orbis Books, Maryknoll,2002.
     Google Scholar
  98. George, S, Harold, G. “Motus Dei (The Move of God): A Theology and Missiology for a Moving World.” Pharos Journal of Theology, 102, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  99. Lange, D. The dying and the rising God in the New Year Festival of Ife, in: Lange, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa, Dettelbach, 343–376, 2004.
     Google Scholar
  100. Idowu, B. Olódùmarè: God in Yorùbá Belief. Ikeja, Nigeria: Longman,1982.
     Google Scholar
  101. Hiebert, PG. Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People Change. Grand Rapids: Baker Academics, 2008.
     Google Scholar
  102. Ephirim-Donkor, A. African Religion Defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan. University Press of America, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  103. Shorter, A. Prayer in the Religious Traditions of Africa. Oxford University Press: Nairobi, 1975.
     Google Scholar
  104. Uka, E.M. (Ed.), Readings in African Traditional Religion Structure, Meaning, Relevance, Future, Peter Lang: New York, 1991.
     Google Scholar
  105. Turaki, Y. (1999). Christianity and African gods, Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys (now known as North-West University), Potchefstroom.
     Google Scholar
  106. Sundermeier, T. Nur gemeinsam können wir leben: Das Menschenbild schwarzafrikanischer Religionen [Only together can we live: The humanity of Black African religions], Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn: Gütersloh, 1990.
     Google Scholar
  107. Beyers, J. “What is religion? An African understanding.” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 66(1), 2010. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v66i1.341.
     Google Scholar
  108. Ndulor, CU. Osu caste system and Christianity in Igboland (Doctoral dissertation seminar paper). Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, University of Nigeria: Nsukka, 2014.
     Google Scholar
  109. Okeke, CO, Ibenwa, CN, Okeke, GT. Conflicts Between African Traditional Religion and Christianity in Eastern Nigeria: The Igbo Example. SAGE Open, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017709322.
     Google Scholar
  110. Offiong, D. Witchcraft, sorcery, magic and social order among the Ibibio of Nigeria, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1991.
     Google Scholar
  111. Viegas, F. Panorama das Religiões em Angola Independente (1975–2008), Ministério da Cultura/Instituto Nacional para os Assuntos Religiosos: Luanda, 2008.
     Google Scholar
  112. Ademiluka, Solomon O. “A Study of Malachi 3:8-12 in Relation to Tithing in some Churches in Nigeria.” Old Testament Essays, 33(2), 285-305, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n2a8
     Google Scholar
  113. Nicolaides, A. (2016). "Spirituality and Cultural Diversity: Serving the Hospitality Industry Workplace", African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(1):1-17
     Google Scholar
  114. Berkhof, L. Systematic Theology, London: Banner of Truth, 572, 1949.
     Google Scholar
  115. Moila, M. (1991). The African version of Christianity, Journal of Black Theology in South Africa, 5(1), 33-39.
     Google Scholar
  116. Mangany, JS, Buitendag, J. “A critical analysis on African Traditional Religion and the Trinity.” HTS Theological Studies, 69(1), 2013.
     Google Scholar
  117. Maluleke, TS. “Half a century of African Christian Theologies.” Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 99, 4-23, 1997.
     Google Scholar
  118. Idowu, B. Towards an Indigenous Church, London, Oxford University Press, 1995.
     Google Scholar
  119. Mulago, V. La religion traditionelle des Bantu et leur vision du monde, Kinshasa: Faculte de theologie catholique, 1980.
     Google Scholar
  120. Masoga, MA. “Gabriel Molehe Setiloane: His intellectual legacy.” Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 40(Suppl.1), 33-52. Retrieved June 23, 2021, Available online at: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1017-04992014000200004&lng=en&tlng=en.
     Google Scholar
  121. Masoga, MA. A critical dialogue with Gabriel Molehe Setiloane: The unfinished business on the African divinity question, Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 38(Suppl. 1), 1-13. Retrieved June 23, 2021, from Available online at http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1017-04992012000300003&lng=en&tlng=en.
     Google Scholar
  122. Masoga, MA, Mathye, MM. “Simon Maimela in the Chamber of African Theology.” A Methodological Challenge, Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 36, 67–80, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  123. Masango, MJS. “African spirituality that shapes the concept of Ubuntu.” Verbum et Ecclesia, 27(3), 930-943, 2006.
     Google Scholar
  124. Shorter, A. (2015). Inculturation of African Traditional Religious Values in Christianity: How Far? Available Online at: http://www. afrikaworld.net/afrel/shorter. htm.
     Google Scholar
  125. Martey, E. African Theology: Inculturation and Liberation. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1993.
     Google Scholar
  126. Obijole, OO. “The church and the gospel message in the African cultural context.” Ogbomoso Journal of Theology, 171(1), 99-116, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  127. Freire, P. Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy and Civic Courage. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
     Google Scholar
  128. Mbiti, J. S. (1971). New Testament Eschatology in an African Background: A Study of the Encounter between New Testament Theology and African Traditional Concepts. London: Oxford University Press.
     Google Scholar
  129. Idowu, B. (1995). Towards An Indigenous Church, London, Oxford University Press.
     Google Scholar
  130. Moltmann, J. The Crucified God: The Cross of Christ as the foundation and criticism of Christian theology. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
     Google Scholar
  131. Shorter, AWF. African culture and the Christian church: An introduction to social and pastoral anthropology, Geoffrey Chapman Publishers: London, 1973.
     Google Scholar